Regarding semantic generalization, the opposite retains: the old meaning try a good subcase of the the new

step 1.2 Semantic Interactions

Just after senses are known (and incase they are known with a fair degree of confidence), the kind of matchmaking you to definitely is present among them should be oriented. The most popular class out-of semantic affairs is offered in the tradition regarding historic semantics, which is, brand new code regularly explain synchronic relations ranging from word definitions was essentially the identical to the latest language accustomed define diachronic change out-of meaning. Regarding the easiest situation, when the sense a great is synchronically regarding experience b from the metonymy, next something off metonymy provides acted diachronically to give experience a to sense b: diachronic systems out of semasiological changes reappear synchronically because the semantic relations one of term definitions.

Brand new desktop computer and also the held activities, or perhaps the mouse and also the tip, have a love away from actual-business connectedness which is usually caught by the thought of ‘contiguity

New five first sizes are expertise, generalization, metaphor, and you can metonymy (described right here, out-of a diachronic angle, given that components in lieu of synchronic relationships). Regarding semantic specialty, the brand new definition try a restriction of one’s old definition: the brand new definition are a beneficial subcase of the old. Ancient examples of expertise is actually corn (originally a wages-term for all types of grain, today official to ‘wheat’ during the England, so you’re able to ‘oats’ from inside the Scotland, and ‘maize’ in the us), starve (swinging regarding ‘so you’re able to die’ so you can ‘so you’re able to pass away from hunger’), and you will king (to begin with ‘girlfriend, lady,’ now restricted to ‘king’s wife, otherwise ladies sovereign’). Examples of generalization is actually moon (mainly the brand new earth’s satellite, but expanded to almost any world’s satellite), and French arriver (which to begin with implied ‘to arrive brand new river’s coast, so you can embank,’ but and that today represents ‘to-arrive a good destination’ generally). There is lots out of terminological variation concerning specialization and generalization. ‘Restriction’ and you can ‘narrowing’ regarding definition equivalent ‘specialty,’ when you’re ‘expansion,’ ‘schematization,’ and you will ‘broadening’ out-of meaning equivalent ‘generalization.’ As well as, the fresh meanings in it can be said to help you captivate connections away aplikace guardian soulmates from taxonomical subordination or superordination: inside a taxonomy (a tree-for example hierarchical classification) away from maxims, new certified meaning try subordinate for the first you to definitely, while the fresh new generalized definition try superordinate pertaining to the first.

Eg specialization and generalization, it’s convenient and you will traditional introducing metaphor and metonymy together with her, although the relationships isn’t as close just as in the latest former couples. (Regarding metaphor and you may metonymy observe in the section step one.six, “Abstract Metaphor and you may Metonymy.”) Metaphor will be allowed to be according to a romance regarding resemblance involving the old and the the latest studying, and you will metonymy to your a relationship out of contiguity. Latest computer terminology yields examples of each other systems. Brand new desktop computer of your own screen, such as, is not necessarily the identical to the new desktop computer of one’s place of work dining table-apart from in the two cases, simple fact is that area (a literal area in one situation, an online one out of others) the place you condition a great amount of products that your on a regular basis explore or you to definitely urgently you desire focus. The computer pc, to put it differently, isn’t practically a pc on original feel, it keeps a functional resemblance to your totally new: the computer understanding is actually good metaphorical extension of one’s original place of work chairs learning. Useful similarities as well as underlie metaphorical expressions particularly bookmark, clipboard, file, folder, cut, and you can insert. Mouse, on the other hand, is additionally metaphorically passionate, however, right here, brand new metaphorical similarity pertains to contour in lieu of means. However now thought a statement on the feeling that pc will keep you busy for another 2 weeks, or you ask aloud where the mouse went whenever you are looking to to obtain the new tip with the monitor. In these instances, desktop computer and you may mouse are utilized metonymically. Regarding former instance, it is really not the latest digital space as such that’s associated, although products which are kept truth be told there. Throughout the latter instance, it isn’t new mouse as such (the thing that you hold in your give) you refer to, nevertheless the tip to the display which is manage of the mouse. ‘ Whenever, for instance, one products an entire bottles, this isn’t the fresh package but quite simply their content material that will be consumed: bottles are often used to consider a specific style of basket, in addition to (spatially contiguous) belongings in you to definitely container. When lexical semanticians suggest that metonymical change are derived from contiguity, contiguity should not be realized within the a slim feel as the referring to spatial distance just, however, alot more generally because a standard identity for various associations during the this new spatial, temporal, or causal domain name.